Most of us know that wine comes from
grapes that are aged. But have you ever wondered what helps the grape age
properly and why red wines need more time to age than white wines?
The process of aging starts
immediately after the grapes are picked, crushed and pressed. The grapes are then put into an oak barrel or
steel vat, with some winemakers preferring to add oak chips to the vat. During the aging process acids, sugar and
tannin interact. By having more tannin present the winemaker is able to age the
wine for a longer period without fear of oxidation. This along with temperature,
light conditions, and alcohol complete the aging process. Wines age faster with a warmer temperature.
So the winemaker tries to maintain a cool
stable 55-65 degree temperature in a
dark area as the ideal aging atmosphere. A big fluctuation in temperature or
light conditions on a daily or weekly basis is detrimental to a good wine.
Now why are red wines aged more than
white wines? A simple explanation is that all grapes are white inside, which
means that red wine needs to allow the exterior skin to mix with the interior
when being crushed to give it the red color. This mixture contains tannin, which
also aids the aging process significantly. You also get tannin from the oak
sides of the barrel. Compounds within these, known as phenolics, allow the wine
to age longer while keeping the wine from oxidizing. So the red wine is able to
age longer and develop a more full flavored bold taste.
White wines have these same compounds
but at much lower levels. This is because the inside of the grape is what wine
manufacturers mostly use and by not using as much of the exterior skin less
tannin is present. This results in a considerable shorter aging process than a
vat with a large amount of tannin present. Attempting to age most white wines
over an extended period causes it to flatten and lose some of its aromatic
freshness.
So go ahead and save that special red
wine for your Grandchild’s marriage, but be sure to serve the white wine within
two or three years.
Wines go through the above process to
be ready for consumption. Next the wine is bottled and stored in wine cellars
to finish the ageing process. Most wines are consumable when the purchased. The
main reason is because no one expects to plan the dinner menu for that special
party two or three years in advance in order to age the correct wine for the occasion.
And how many people have a wine cellar to complete the aging process of their favorite
wine?
Wine is also
used in religious ceremonies in many cultures.
The Bible mentions wine no less than 191 times. The references in both testaments often
admonish the reader to use wine, but to use it properly and not to misuse it.
"Forsake
not an old friend, for the new is not comparable to him. A new friend is as new
wine: when it is old, thou shalt drink it with pleasure."
Ecclesiastes 9:10.
"Wine
was created from the beginning to make men joyful, and not to make men drunk.
Wine used with moderation is the joy of the soul and the heart."
Ecclesiastes 31:35-36.
"Drink
no longer water but use a little wine for thy stomach's sake."
I Timothy
5:23..
The health
effects of wine are also the subject of considerable ongoing debate and study.
In the USA, a boom in red wine consumption was touched off in the 1990s by '60
Minutes', and other news reports on the French paradox. But now research indicates that moderate red
wine consumption may help protect against certain cancers and heart disease,
and can have a positive effect on cholesterol levels and blood pressure. It now seems clear that regular consumption
of up to 1-2 drinks a day does reduce mortality, due to 10%–40% lower risk of
coronary heart disease, for those over the age of 35. This is because of the presence of
antioxidants in the wine as well as significant amounts of resveratrol, which
is naturally present in the grape’s skin.
The original studies showed this more in red wines due to the higher
concentrations of resveratrol.
Resveratrol has been shown previously
to have a number of potentially beneficial
properties, including antioxidant,
anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.
Here are a few common and uncommon
global varieties of wine.
The king of white wines is Chardonnay.
It has a vanilla or smoky type aroma and flavor and goes especially well with
fish and white meat.
Sauvignon Blanc is another popular
white wine which gives off herbal or vegetatal and an ocassional peppery
aromas. It has a higher acidity level than the Chardonnay and seafood is a good
match for this wine.
Semillon is often blended with
Sauvignon Blanc to fill out this more acidic variety of white wines. Semillon
alone has more subtle aromas and has a relatively low acidity. Its golden color
along with the scent of figs and lemons adds to its attractiveness and it goes
well with cheese. This is one of the few
white wines that age very well.
Riesling is a excellent wine to have
with food, because of its balance of sugar and acid and its relatively low
acidity. It can pair with white fish just like a dry wine, or with pork, and it
can also stand up to Thai and Chinese cuisine. Riesling's typical aromas are of
flowers, tropical fruits, and mineral stone.
This wine is almost never oaked, which then leads itself to suitability
with most foods.
Frascati has been called the “Gold
Wine” from the ancient Romans, and it was reported to be the favorite wine of
Pope Gregorio XVI. Frascati is a vintage
wine that is dry, crisp, pale yellow and fresh.
It goes very well with soups, seafood, poultry and other light
dishes. It is served best cold.
Chenin, the best of these wines have
generally come from France, where its versatility is exploited to great effect.
The sweet wines are among the longest-lasting of all wines, and the great dry
white wines of the region are often listed among France's finest whites.
The Chenin is also the most
widely-grown grape in South Africa, accounting for around 30 percent of the
country's vines. The wine made there is generally bland and acidic, often with
overtones of grass or green apples. It is for this reason that in the U.S. it often
ends up in the generic jug wines of bulk producers as acidity enhancer for high
sugar/alcohol blends.
Pouilly-Fuissé is a dry, medium-full
bodied, white wine from France. This
wine became popular the 1980’s. Sudden
demand and supply drove prices up. It
then received the complaint of being over priced. This will still be the case today at some
times. Pale buttery gold color with a
floral and fruity bouquet with hints of honey and hazelnuts with the taste of
apples sets this wine apart. Served at
55 degrees fairenheit this wine goes well with with smoked fish, fish grilled
or in a sauce, poultry and white meats, including turkey and pork, creamy
cheeses.
Silvaner was the most dominate variety
in Germany until approximately the late 1970’s.
Originally from Austria, it pairs extremely well with foods that have
mild flavors - rice dishes that do not involve a lot of spices, mild chicken
dishes, to name a couple. The reason for
this is, the wine is a very gentle low keyed fruity tasting wine very light in
acid.
Pedro Ximénez a desert wine from
Spain. This wine has a very strong taste
of raisins and molasses. A syrupy kind
of wine goes very well with coffee or over vanilla ice cream in the
summer. Some say this desert wine
borders a high end desert Sherry.
Among the red wines Cabernet Sauvignon
is always a favorite. It ripens late and is best suited for clay soil and
moderate temperatures because it requires a longer season for the grapes to
ripen. Accompanied by salmon, trout and other sauce-free meats it is the
favorite red wine of many.
Merlot is another red wine that has
grown in popularity. Its dark color, high alcohol content and full body make
this wine very supple and velvety. It has three flavors; the currant and cherry
flavor, the more herby style of plumb flavoring and the cherry and chocolate
flavor. This simple light flavored wine
goes well with pates, game, and many casseroles.
Pinot Noir is one of the more
challenging wines for winemakers, but that is what makes it exceptional. It is
lighter in color than either of the other two red wines we have discussed. It is
relatively high in alcohol and is medium to high in acidity. Its aroma is one
of wilted roses with a hint of cola. It goes particularly well with coq au vin,
boeuf bourguignon, rabbit, ham, chicken and steak. In some areas you may pay
more for this wine, but it is well worth the price.
Zinfandel, also known as Zin, is a
red-skinned wine grape popular in California because of its intense fruitiness
and lush texture. The red grape was
extremely popular with home wine makers in the United States during the prohibition. This was due to the very thick skin of the
grape. This then made transportation
very easy. Typically, Zinfandel tastes
of bramble and fresh or fermented red berries.
This wine goes well with typical American food- pizza, burgers. It will accent most red sauce meals. It is best served at about 65 degrees.
Chianti is Italy's most famous red
wine. Unlike a Cabernet Sauvignon Chianti
doesn't drink well by itself. But when drank
with food, it is a very bold wine and goes with just about any food. Chianti's
acidity matches extremely well with acidic foods like tomatoes, rich dishes
like braised rabbit and mature cheeses.
The aroma is a hint of violet, with a bright ruby red color.
Rioja red wines are classified into
four categories. The first, "Rioja", is the youngest, spending less
than a year in oak ageing. A
"crianza" is wine aged for at least two years, at least one of which
was in oak. "Rioja Reserva" is aged for at least three years, of
which at least one year is in oak. Finally, "Rioja Gran Reserva"
wines have been aged at least two years in oak and three years in bottle. Because
of the ageing times the Reserva and Gran Reserva wines are not necessary
produced each year. This wine ages well
and has a delicate fruity flavor to go well with steak and other heavy foods.
Lets explore some of the not so common
wines. They may be uncommon but they are
all excellent wines in their own right.
One of the more uncommon but
interesting wines is the Norton wine. In 1835, Dr. Daniel Norton of Virginia
developed this variety of grapes that was originally known as the Virginia Seedling.
It is widely planted in the Midwest where it is sometimes called Cynthiana and produces
a dark, inky wine with plum and cherry flavoring. Horton Vineyards in Virginia
is particularly interested in reviving the grape's reputation.
Another rare but interesting wine is
the Muscadine wine. It was first discovered by European explorers, who found
native American vines growing along the low-lyingsouthern coastal regions. Most
Muscadine wines (red and white) are blends, usually given proprietary names by
the winery (e.g., "Vintners' Blend"), and vinified in a sweet or
semisweet style. Muscadine and its blends have a unique wild and musky aroma
and flavor.
Centurion a uncommon wine that hasn’t
yet seen widespread acceptance. This
wine was developed at the U.C. Davis campus by crossing Cabernet Sauvignon,
with Grenache and Carignane. The intention was to produce a Cabernet-like wine
which could be grown in the relatively hot Central Valley. Even with it’s limited exposure ot wine
lovers, is a definite improvement over traditional Central Valley varieties.
Roussanne probably gets its name from
the light-brownish russet cast of its ripe berries. The aroma is not as overtly fruity as some
types and can suggest wild flowers or herbal tea. Unlike most white wines, Roussanne ages very
well due to its unusual combination of richness and crisp acids.
Marsanne, this wine sometimes uses
Roussane as a blending partner. It makes
wines that are medium dry, full bodied and very rich in flavor with notes of
spice and pear. It is a very
deep-colored wine that is fairly full bodied to the point of being described
sometimes as waxy.